I love the Laser
Sunday, January 1st, 2012I love the Laser
Operating principle of the laser: 1 – cheap auto insurance quotes 2 excitable medium – pumping energy 3 – totally reflecting mirror 4 – beam splitter 5 – laser A laser is a device that emits light ( light radiation ) amplified by stimulated emission . The term laser comes from the acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation” (in French: “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation” ). The laser light produces a spatially and temporally consistent based on the laser effect. Descendant of the maser , the laser was first called optical maser. A laser source combines an optical amplifier based on a lasing optical cavity , also called resonator, usually consisting of two mirrors , at least one of them is partially reflecting, that is to say that of the light exits the cavity and the other part is fed back into the interior of the laser cavity. With some long cavities, the laser light can be highly directional. The geometric characteristics of this group require that the radiation emitted is of a high spectral purity, that is to say, temporally coherent . The radiation spectrum contains in fact a discrete set of very fine lines in the wavelengths defined by the cavity and the amplifying medium. The thinness of these lines is limited by the stability of the cavity and spontaneous emission within the amplifier (quantum noise). Different techniques used to obtain an emission around a single wavelength. In the xxi th century , the laser is generally seen as a possible 
source for any radiation electromagnetic , which includes the visible light . The wavelengths involved were first microwave ( maser ) and then spread to areas of infrared mining jobs , the visible , the ultraviolet and even start to apply to X-rays . Summary [ hide ] 1 Principle of operation 1.1 phenomena involved 1.2 Operation 2 History 3 Types of laser 3.1 Crystalline (in solid or ionic) 3.2 To dye (molecular) 3.3 Gas-Fired (atomic or molecular) 3.4 Diode Laser 3.5 Free Electron (LEL) 3.6 Fiber 3.7 Teramobile 4 Safety 5 Applications 6 Notes and references 7 Appendices 7.1 Bibliography 7.2 Related Operating Principle
Phenomena involved To understand how a laser, it is necessary to introduce the concept of quantification of the matter : the electrons are distributed over the energy levels of discrete (the “layers”). This assumption is fundamental and non-intuitive : if we botox brisbane consider the image that the electrons can be found only on certain orbitals around the very specific or atomic nuclei . In the following, we consider an atom with only electron (hydrogen), to simplify the discussion. It may be on several levels. Knowledge of the level on which this electron is defines the state of the atom . These states are numbered in ascending order of energy with an integer n , can take the values 1 , 2 , … The state n = 1 is the state of lowest energy, corresponding to an electron on the orbit closest to the nucleus. Let us turn to the main process of interaction between light and matter, namely absorption, stimulated emission and spontaneous emission. The absorption – when illuminated with electromagnetic radiation (light), an atom can move from a state n to state n ‘> n , by taking the corresponding energy of the radiation. This process is resonant : the radiation frequency ω to be close to an atomic Bohr frequency for it to happen. Bohr atomic frequencies are defined by where E n ‘ > E n are the energies of states n ‘ and n . One can interpret this process as the absorption of a photon of radiation (energy ) by increasing the atomic energy levels locksmith E n to the energy level E n ‘ . The resonance condition then corresponds to the energy conservation . The stimulated emission – the process is symmetrical to the former: an atom in state n ‘ can “energize” to the level n under the influence of an electromagnetic wave, which is then amplified . As for absorption, this process is only possible if the radiation frequency ω is close to the Bohr frequency ω n n ‘ . It can be interpreted as the emission of a photon of energy s just “add” to radiation. The spontaneous emission – An atom in an excited state n ‘ can decay to a state n , even in the absence of radiation. The radiation is emitted in a random direction, and its frequency is equal to the Bohr frequency ω n n ‘ . One can interpret this process as the emission of a photon of energy in a random direction. Operation A laser is basically an amplifier of light (operating through stimulated emission) whose output is connected to the input. The amplifier is a collection of atoms or molecules that are passed from one ground state and low excited n to a more highly excited n ‘ (more energy – it is called “pumping”), by means of an external energy source (eg an electric generator, or another laser …). These atoms can then be de-excited to the state n , emitting photons of frequency around ω n n ‘ . And a frequency radiation passing through this medium can be amplified by stimulated emission process. It can also be absorbed: there will be amplification if the atoms are more likely to be in the state n ‘ (which may be issued) in the state n (capable of absorbing) it is necessary have a “ population inversion “. The radiation coming out of this amplifier is fed back to its input by means of mirrors, which are a “cavity” (where the light is trapped). Of course, a device (such as a partially reflecting mirror) to extract the light of this system for the laser radiation used. And radiation initially present in the system will be amplified once, and then looped and re-amplified, etc.. We can build a very important influence, even from an extremely low radiation (as a single spontaneously emitted photon in the cavity). We can compare Containers this process with the acoustic feedback , which occurs when amplifier (the HiFi) has its output (the speaker) “connected” to the input (microphone). So a very low noise picked up by the microphone is amplified, emitted by the loudspeaker, picked up by the microphone, reamplified, and so on … Of course the sound intensity does not grow indefinitely (as is the intensity of light in a laser) amplifier has limits (there is a maximum volume of sound can be produced). The frequency of the sound emitted by this process is specific and depends on the amplifier and the distance between Denver Divorce Lawyer the speaker and microphone: it is the same for a laser. History
Section of a ruby laser The principle of stimulated emission (or induced emission) as described in 1917 by Albert Einstein . In 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966 ) provides a method of optical pumping , it validates experimentally, two years later, Brossel and Winter. But it was not until 1958 that the first maser (maser gas ammonia ) is designed by JP Gordon, HJ Zeiger and Ch H. Townes . Over the next six years, many scientists such Bassov NG, A. M. Prokhorov , AL Schawlow denver car accident attorney and Charles H. Townes help to adapt these theories to the wavelengths of visible. Townes , Bassov and Prokhorov shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1964 for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, leading to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the principle of Maser -Laser. In 1960 , the American physicist Theodore Maiman obtained for the first time laser emission through a crystal of ruby . A year later, Ali Javan is developing a laser gas ( helium and neon ) and in 1966 , Peter Sorokin built the first laser liquid. Lasers are very early industrial opportunities. The first application was made in 1965 and was to machine a hole of 4.7 mm in diameter and 2 mm deep into the diamond with a laser ruby . This operation was carried out in 15 minutes, while a classical application took 24 hours 1 . In 1967, Peter Houlcroft cutting a stainless steel plate 2.5 mm thick at a speed of 1m/min under dioxygen with a laser CO 2 of 300 W 2 and designed the first cutting head. In the same period in 1963 American researchers such as White and Anderholm show that it is possible to generate a shock wave in a metal after laser pulse irradiation. The pressures are the order of 1 GPa. Although the processes are demonstrated, it takes their associations to machines adapted so that they are located in an industrial environment. These conditions are met in the late 1970′s . And the first industrial platforms are located in France in the 80s 3 . Once the laser itself as a tool of industrial production in the micro-machining. Its main advantages are a high-speed machining of about 10 m / min, with no contact, no tool wear. The laser is a way of reading in 1974 , with the introduction of the readers of bar codes . In 1978 , the laserdiscs are introduced, but optical discs become widely used in 1982 with the CD . The laser can then read a large volume of data. Types of laser
Main article: List of different types of laser . Lasers are classified into six families, according to the nature of the medium excited. Furthermore, the lasers can be either continuously or operate in a pulsed mode, in which case we can also qualify depending on the length of pulse characteristics (CW lasers / laser picosecond / femtosecond lasers ). Crystal (solid state, or ion)
Cristal titanium sapphire laser pumped by a green. These lasers use solid media such as crystals or glass as a medium emission of photons. The crystal or glass is that the matrix and must be doped with an ion which is the laser medium. The norfolk island holidays oldest is the ruby laser whose emission comes from the ion Cr 3 + . Other ions are used (most of the rare earth : Nd , Yb , Pr , Er , Tm … the titanium and chromium , among others). The wavelength of the laser emission depends essentially on the dopant ion, but also affects the matrix. Thus, the Neodymium glass does not transmit at the same wavelength (1053 nm) that the YAG doped with neodymium (1064 nm). They operate continuously or pulsed (pulse a few microseconds to a few femtoseconds – a millionth of a billionth of a second). They are able to issue both in the visible, near infrared than the ultraviolet . The amplifying medium electric cigarette can be a bar in the case of a Nd-YAG laser (Nd-doped and therefore the matrix of YAG: an aluminum garnet to yttrium ), but it can also be in the form of a fiber in the case of fiber lasers (Yb-doped and therefore the matrix is silica). Today, as the amplifying medium used to generate femtosecond titanium-doped sapphire is. It has two absorption bands centered at 488 and 560 nm. It has a broad emission spectrum centered at 800 nm. Beyond one-dimensional crystal of optical quality acceptable, these lasers allow to obtain powers of the order of kilowatts of continuous and pulsed GW. They are used for both scientific and industrial applications, especially for welding, marking and cutting of materials. Dye (molecular) In liquid lasers, the emission is surrounded by Plastic Storage Bins an organic dye ( rhodamine 6G , for example) in liquid solution enclosed in a glass vial. The radiation may also scrabble word finder be continuous and intermittent depending on the pumping mode. The transmitted frequencies can be set using a lens controller, which makes such devices very accurate. The choice of dye essentially determines the color range of the radius that issue. The color (wavelength) can be accurately adjusted by optical filters. At gas (atomic or molecular) The 
environment is a photon generator gases contained in a tube of glass or quartz . The emitted beam is particularly narrow and the emission frequency is very extensive. The best known examples are the helium-neon lasers ( red at 632.8 nm) used in the alignment systems (public works, laboratories), and lasers shows. Lasers carbon dioxide can produce very high power (pulse operation) of the order of 10 6 W. Laser marking is the most widely used worldwide. The laser CO 2 (infrared to 10.6 microns) can be, for example, used for engraving or cutting material. There is also a sub-family of gas lasers: lasers, excimer emitting in the ultraviolet. In most cases they are composed of at least one noble gas and usually a halogen gas. The term “excimer” comes from the English excited dimer which means an excited molecule composed of two identical atoms (eg Xe 2 ). But some so-called excimer lasers using exciplex which are molecules composed of two different atoms (for example, noble gas and halogen : ArF , XeCl ). So we should call them lasers exciplex lasers instead of excimer . . The electrical excitation of the mixture produced these molecules exciplex which exist only in excited state. After issuance of the photon , the exciplex disappears because its atoms are separated, so the photon can be reabsorbed by the non-excited excimer, which allows an efficient laser. Ex: Lasik Laser diode Main article: Diode laser . In a laser diode (laser or semiconductor), the pumping is done using an electric current that enhances the environment generator holes (a hole is an area of the crystal with a positive charge as an electron is missing) on one side and extra electrons on the other. Light is produced at the junction by the recombination of holes and electrons. Often, this type of laser does not mirror cavity: the simple act of cleaving the semiconductor of high refractive index, gives a reflection coefficient sufficient to trigger the laser effect. This type of laser that represents the vast majority (in number and sales ) lasers used in industry. Indeed, the benefits are many: first, it allows a direct coupling between electric power and light, where applications Telecommunications (entrance networks fiber ). In addition, this energy conversion is Judaica Bat Mitzvah Gifts done with a good yield (about 30 to 40%). These lasers are inexpensive, very compact (the active zone is micrometer or less, and the whole device has a size of one millimeter). It is now known manufacture such lasers for light on almost all the visible range, but the laser delivering red or near infrared are the most used and least expensive. Their fields of application are numerous: optical drives (CD), telecommunications, printers, devices “pumping” for larger lasers (such as solid state lasers), pointers, etc.. Note that the regulations in force in France forbidden to manufacture illuminating beyond 1000 meters. A few flats anyway, the emitted light is generally less directional and less “pure” spectrally than other types of lasers (gas in particular). This is not a problem in most applications. A device very similar in its operation, but Criminal Attorney Chicago that is not a laser, is the LED : the pumping device is the same, but the production of light is not stimulated , it is produced by spontaneous de-excitation, so that the light produced does not have the coherence properties characteristic of the laser. Free electron (LEL) This type of laser is very special, because its principle is quite different from that described above. The light is not produced by atoms previously excited, but by a synchrotron radiation produced by accelerated electrons. An electron beam from an accelerator electron, is sent to an inverter creating a periodic magnetic field (due to an assembly of permanent magnets). online snow gear This inverter is placed between two mirrors, as in the diagram of a conventional laser: synchrotron radiation is amplified and becomes consistent , that is to say, it acquires the characteristics of the light produced in lasers. Just set the speed of electrons to provide a light frequency finely adjusted over a very wide range, from the far infrared (terahertz) X-ray and laser power can also be adjusted by the flow of electrons to higher levels. It can also have laser pulses of short interval and accurate. This makes this type of laser versatile and useful in research applications. However, it is more expensive to produce because it is necessary to build a particle accelerator . Fiber This type of laser e cigarette is similar to the solid state laser. By amplifying medium is an optical fiber doped with ions of rare earths . The wavelength obtained depends on the ion selected (Samarium 0.6 microns, engagement rings 1.05 microns Ytterbium, Erbium 1.55 microns; Thulium 2.1 mm). This technology is relatively new (the first date of 1964), but today there are single-mode laser whose power is in cna certification the order of tens of kilowatts. These lasers have the advantage of less expensive and have a small footprint. Moreover it is not necessary to cool below 10 kilowatts 4 , 5 . Teramobile The laser Teramobile a mobile that delivers ultra-powerful and ultrashort laser pulses. Teramobile laser can be used to detect and measure pollutants or spawn lightning a straight path 6 . Security
Hazard Symbol
Green Laser class against class IIIb IIIa According to the power and wavelength of the laser emission, it can be a real danger to the sight and cause irreparable burns the retina . For reasons of security, French law prohibits the use of lasers of class greater than 2 outside a professional setting 7 . The new standard: Class 1 lasers safe, provided that they use in their reasonably foreseeable conditions (eg, printers , readers CD-ROM drives and DVD ). Class 1M lasers with direct vision in the beam, including the use of optical instruments, can be dangerous. Class 2 lasers that emit visible radiation in the range of length from 400 to 700 nm. Protecting the eye is normally provided by the defense reflexes including the blink reflex, blink of the eyelid (for example, readers bar code ). Class 2M lasers that emit visible radiation in the range of length from 400 to 700 nm. Lasers with direct vision in the beam, including the use of optical instruments, can be dangerous (eg, magnifiers and telescopes ). Class 3A lasers with direct exposure exceeds the EMP (maximum permissible exposure) to the eye, but the emission level is limited to five times the AEL (accessible car transport emission limit) Classes 1 and 2. Class 3B laser with a direct view of the beam is always dangerous. The vision of diffuse reflections is normally safe. Class 4 lasers are also capable of producing hazardous diffuse reflections. They can cause damage to the skin and can also be a fire hazard. Their use requires extreme caution. Classes were determined by lesions that can cause a laser, they vary depending on the frequency of the laser, ultraviolet laser is much more dangerous than the visible laser. In the visible range, for a continuous laser, classes are: Class 1 0.39μW up. Class 2 of 0.39μW to 1mW. Class 3A 1 to 5 mW. Class 3B 5 to 500mW. Class 4 beyond 500mW. Applications
Applications using the properties of lasers spatial and temporal coherence of the laser. They can be classified more or less depending best web hosting on the reflection or absorption of the laser. Thus, two families appear, containing the applications of information transfer, and that dealing with a power transfer. Transfer of information Remote Sensing Collimation of optical instrument (eg Newton Telescope) Size and velocimetry Holography Reading and recording of digital optical media ( CD , DVD , Laser Disc …) Measure distance ( ranging from interferometry ) Telecommunications networks via fiber optic Transmission inter- satellite Vibrometry Laser designator targets in air strikes Atmosphere Study ( Lidar ) Optical frequency metrology Materials characterization by ellipsometry and spectroscopic Power transfer Laser cooling of atoms Printing : Writing Device plate offset ( CtP ) Solar orbital Wireless power transmission Laser processes ziPhone and materials Surface melting of materials Welding material homogeneous or heterogeneous Cutting Drilling by percussion Etching surface Surface hardening Shock by laser ablation (test adhesion at the interface of heterogeneous materials …) Doping the semiconductor laser 8
Medical Applications Ophthalmology Dermatology : Laser hair removal , laser tattoo removal , … Dentistry electronic cigarette : Dental Erbium Laser , Laser Dental YAP Physical therapy (debridement) Trepanation treatment of certain types of pain with a low laser energy efficiency seems convincing, but the mechanism of action remains unknown 9 .
Nuclear Fusion controlled laser megajoule
Military Applications Weapons anti- satellite , anti- missile , disabling … ( Boeing YAL-1 , IDS said StarWars Program ) Pod of laser designation Assistance under
Police applications Use for the detection of fingerprint latent in the field of forensic science 10 , 11 Portable and autonomous laser radar device that detects the speed of vehicles in the field of road safety 12
Artistic Show “ Sound and Light ” Laser Harp Image projection screen in the rooms of digital cinema
Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser (Redirected from Boeing YAL-1 ) Jump to: navigation , search
YAL-1A Airborne Laser
Boeing YAL-concept 1ABL The Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser ( ABL ), also known as YAL-1A , or ALTM (for Airborne Laser Test Bed ) is a weapon onboard ( Airborne ) based on a laser delivering a power of the order of megawatt and chemical type oxygen-iodine (in English, Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (in) : COIL) developed for the USAF . Its objective is the destruction of missiles in flight. Summary [ hide ] 1 Development 2 Operation 3 Annexes 3.1 Bibliography 3.2 Notes and References 4 See also 4.1 External Links Development
In the year 1980 , a precursor of the ABL, wedding ring a laser called the Airborne Laser Laboratory , was mounted on the back of a KC-135 A specially modified to demonstrate the feasibility of using a high-energy laser aboard a plane against aerial targets. The camera tests for 11 years, destroying 5-air missiles AIM-9 Sidewinder and a target drone Navy BQM-34A 1 . Project management was given to Boeing who entrusted the design of lasers at high and low energy Northrop Grumman while the front of the unit containing the control system of the radius was given to Lockheed Martin , Boeing reserves system battle management 2 . The ABL program began in 1994 and the total budget absorbed by the latter in 2010 amounted to 6 billion USD 3 . A fleet of seven Boeing originally planned to build but an announcement of Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced April 6, 2009 that the program will remain at the stage of research and development and one copy will be constructed 4 .
Infrared image of the shooting of February 11, 2010, the ABL on a missile. The laser is installed on a Boeing 747-400 F changed from 2000 and is in testing period. On 11 February 2010 2 to 20 h 44 PST , the laser intercepts for the first time a ballistic missile liquid fuel – in this case a missile Scud , launched from a platform at sea – on top of California 3 . For this test the aircraft took off from Edwards Air Force Base and then joined the Western Sea Range off the coast of California before turning his laser on the missile accelerated phase 5 . The distance between the aircraft and the missile shot was not specified. A 2003 report conducted by the American Physical Society on the American missile defense (in the National Missile Defense ) shows that such a laser could reach ballistic missile liquid propellant at a distance of 600 km , and 300 km for those with solid propulsion. Operation
The system consists of a laser-like chemical oxygen-iodine (in English, Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser : COIL) with a capacity of 1 MW , a telescope of 1.5 m in diameter and 5 443 kg , and are mounted in a turret in the nose of the aircraft 3 . The ABL uses infrared sensors to detect the missile. Three low-power lasers then follow the missile and atmospheric disturbances to determine its position and speed. The ABL must be located within 100 km of the origin of the shot to determine the exact trajectory of the missile. After which the main laser is fired for 3 to 5 seconds from a turret located on the nose of the aircraft, it heats the envelope of the missile, disrupting its penetration into the air, and for its destruction. The system can intercept missiles in the acceleration phase is a few seconds after launch, it can not in any way destroy terminal descent 3 . Strategic Defense Initiative (Redirected from Star Wars (political) ) Jump to: navigation , search For items uses, see IDS .
It was as the eminently more evocative in the world of youth, film and video games that the U.S. media linked it Star Wars program with the scientific and military mobilization of public funds in the lap of the military-industrial complex , object of this article. The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ), also known as Star Wars , is a project launched on 23 March 1983 by President Ronald Reagan during the Cold War view hcg diet of a portion of the thrust Soviet since the mid- 1970s and the willingness of the United States to remain inviolable and invincible on their soil and their protected areas. This is a proposed network of satellites whose role would be the detection and destruction of ballistic missiles launched against the United States . “To counter the horrible missile threat Soviet (…) an ambitious program is made the study to protect the United States by a space shield, identifying and destroying any missile came from the upper atmosphere. ” Summary [ hide ] 1 Etymology 2 International context 3 The geopolitical perspective 4 Posterity 5 See also 5.1 Notes and References 5.2 External Links Etymology
George Lucas , creator of the saga Star Wars , fought vigorously against the use of the name ‘Star Wars’ (Star Wars) to the SDI program in the press. He even issued at the time a film on the subject. It is the American media who rigged the IDS name Star Wars after the oration of President Reagan who launched the program. However, the President, himself an amateur film, the popularity of reuse expressions in the saga of space opera , such as the mention of the “evil empire” make t shirts 1 to describe the Soviet bloc against the threat which the expenditure was launched on the occasion of various interviews in the year 1983 2 . International context
Missile missile Galosh . A network whose construction started in 1968 currently includes four databases with hundreds of interceptors protecting Moscow from 1972 of a ballistic missile attack 3 .
Test a missile that gave birth to ERINT Patriot PAC-3 in service The idea of a defense against ballistic missiles date of the appearance of them, but despite the great financial resources deployed by the superpowers of that time, the technology of the time was not reliable enough; an ABM to limit the use of these weapons was signed in 1972 and the Sentinel program consists of American LIM-49A Spartan and Sprint missiles was abandoned in 1976 while the Soviet Union protects its capital Moscow .
One of the four launch sites in North Dakota for the Sprint missile which was declared operational a few months between 1975 and 1976. The impact of the announcement of this new project by Reagan is huge, although it does not provide total protection and it is extremely expensive, even for the richest country in the world. He worried, however, the free ipad allies of the Americans because they feared, if materialized, it transforms the U.S. into a fortress, inviolable and invincible inciting decline of Western superpower to isolationism they had abandoned not without regret, after the Second World War . For the USSR , this project is a very bad surprise, as it calls into question the balance of terror , realized since 1949 by the possession in turn of the nuclear weapon , making it vulnerable now if the U.S. wanted push their advantage disappear in the words of Reagan the “Evil Empire”, while its economy can not afford to embark on a dizzying escalation of military spending. Moscow , which bogged down in Afghanistan and sees deal in a more forceful by the Reagan administration, invokes the ABM agreement of 1972 (strict limitation of anti-missile systems) and then mobilized in vain all the arguments at his disposal for the United States abandon their program. By the play of the IDS, Europe was engagement ring also pushed into the missile race, to the extent, strong disincentives that received the IDS on the “Evil Empire”, the U.S. proposed also contracts with other allied states, the latter may therefore benefit from the system. Although the project was feasible on time and rested on mere political speculation, Europe was in some way, not to be thank you to the United States, forced to run to turn the program EUREKA , remained essentially civil, and that does not either. When Gorbachev arrived at the head of the Soviet Bankruptcy Union in 1985, he could only see the profound collapse of the Soviet economy, absorbed by the military-industrial complex . Although the Soviet Union should dispose of excellent scientists developing similar weapons systems (such as Polyus , a re part of the program that would meet Skif IDS), he gave pledges on the issue of conventional disarmament and nuclear power, that made the original ambition of the project IDS obsolete. The geopolitical point of view
This recovery program for weapons research is considered in retrospect as a contributor to the fall of the Soviet Union, at least the Reagan strategy of confrontation with that “evil empire,” according to presidential speeches, was to make knees the opponent by bringing the field of military-economic competition to stifle financial, budgetary allocations by the Politburo to the arms race is not only the other parts of the most fundamental ‘ economy of the USSR . Posterity
Artistic rendering of a hybrid laser, shooting from a ground station and then reflected from a satellite imagined in the 1980s
Shot in December 2001 the prototype of the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense , declared operational since This program was finally officially abandoned in 1993 under the administration of Clinton having seen the development of concepts such as weapons weapons facility laser high power in orbit and on the ground, constellations of satellites missile launchers, anti Chrome Wire Shelving missile or interceptor missiles launched by submarines. The technologies developed for the use of the substitute program called National Missile Defense revived by the administration G. W. Bush , in the context of the attacks of September 11, 2001 . The National Missile Defense plans to install hundreds of Ground Based Interceptor (ballistic missile) in Alaska and California to intercept a wave of twenty ballistic missiles originating from Asia and rogue states . Tests were conducted from 2002 to 2005 , the first of these missiles was declared operational in 2005 . The subject was dropped by the Obama administration 4 . Various weapons systems missile tactics are also being developed or based on that date in the armed forces of the United States .McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle Jump to: navigation , search McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle
F-15C firing a missile air-air AIM-7 Sparrow . Builder McDonnell Douglas Role Fighter First flight 27 July 1972 Commissioning 9 January 1976 Date of withdrawal Always On Number built 1300 Crew A pilot Engine Engine Pratt & Whitney F100 Number 2 Type Turbojets with afterburners Unit thrust 129 kN with afterburner Dimensions
Span 13.05 m Length 19.43 m Height 5.63 m Wing area 56.5 m 2 Masses In vacuum 12 700 kg With arms 20 185 kg Maximum 30 845 kg Performance Maximum speed 2660 km / h ( Mach 2.5 ) Ceiling 20 000 m Rate of climb 15 240 m / min Range 1 950 km Wing loading 358 kg / m 2 Armament Internal A 20mm corporate clothing cannon M61A-1 (940 shells) External 6 missiles AIM-7 Sparrow (later AIM-120 AMRAAM ) and four AIM-9 Sidewinder Avionics Link 16 change The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle is a fighter at all times called “ air superiority “, designed by the United States in the year 1970 . Produced STD Test over a thousand copies, it is mainly used by the USAF but was also exported to some countries , including Israel and Japan , which was built under license. A specialized version of ground attack has also been developed, the F-15E Strike Eagle . Summary [ hide ] 1 Design 1.1 F-15A and B Eagle 1.2 D and F-15C Eagle 1.3 F-15E Strike Eagle 1.4 F-15 Streak Eagle 1.5 F-15 Silent Eagle 2 Commitments 3 Killer satellites 4 Variants Five experimental variants 6 Country buyers 7 Notes and references 8 See also 8.1 Related 8.2 External Link Design
F-15A and B Eagle From the mid- sixties , the Air Force began a series of studies for the development of a new fighter under the designation FX. While the commitment of the United States in the Vietnam War was increasing, the limits of the aircraft in service, particularly the lack of close combat ability of the F-4 Phantom face the agile Mig North Vietnamese, became Nutrisystem Coupons more and more obvious. The development of a new generation of Soviet fighters only exacerbated the need for the USAF to have a new device. In February 1968 , the Air Force formal limits on the FX program to develop an air superiority aircraft (as opposed to a multi-role aircraft), now designated F-15. The latter should be able to engage and destroy not only the opponents moving beyond visual range, but also in dogfight. The formal tender was published on 30 September 1968 , stating, among other things, a low wing loading, thrust-weight ratio high, How to lose weight a radar capable of tracking moving targets lower than the unit, a range of sufficient to achieve the Europe from the United States , a top speed of Mach 2.5, etc.. Three manufacturers responded to this program: Fairchild , North American and McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing ). It was he who was detained on 23 December 1969 to develop the new aircraft.
The first prototype YF-15A The initial contract covered 20 aircraft development, divided into 18 cars (designation F-15A) and two-seaters (TF-15A and F-15B). The first prototype car (71-0280) from the factory on 26 June 1972 and made its first flight on 27 July 1972 , the first chiropractic marketing flight of an F-15B taking place on 7 July 1973 . The F-15 has a metal semi-monocoque fuselage. The wings are mounted in high position on the fuselage, has a total area of 56.51 m 2 which gives the F-15 low wing loading and thus contributes to the agility of the aircraft. The pilot sat on an ejection seat McDonnell Douglas ACES II, enjoys exceptional visibility. The early version was powered by two turbofan engines Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-100 to 111.2 kN of thrust with afterburner , powered by two air inlets variable geometry. The aircraft is equipped with a multimode pulse Doppler radar Hughes APG-63, specially developed and optimized for air-air combat, and a system of electronic-measures against Northrop ALQ-135 and a detector Alert ALR-56 radar. The first F-15 delivered to an operational unit was the F-15B (71-0108) that President Gerald Ford accepted on behalf of the 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron during a ceremony on 4 November 1974 . Then began crew training. The first F-15 for combat units were delivered to the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base , which began its conversion in January 1976 . F-15C Eagle and D The F-15C version is the first version of the F-15 capable of carrying tanks FAST tackles along the fuselage. Unlike conventional wedding suits reservoirs carried under the wings, these reservoirs are increasing autonomy without reducing significantly the performance. They may also contain additional electronic equipment instead of part of the fuel. In addition, other fuel tanks were added to the wings and the fuselage. The increase in weight of the aircraft led to a strengthening of landing gear and pay day loans brakes. Finally, performance has been improved AN/APG-63 radar. The corresponding two-seater F-15D. The first F-15C made its maiden flight in February 1979 and deliveries began in the early 1980s . Some time later, the reactor Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-100 was replaced with an F100-PW-220 slightly less powerful but more reliable. They were the first fighter to have the capacity Non-Cooperative Target Recognition . In the early 2000s , the USAF casino has the F-15C based at Elmendorf AFB in Alaska to a modified version of the APG-63 radar has an antenna with active elements, in order to test the possibility of Medifast coupons installing a radar of this type on the Eagle still in service. Lack of F-22, the USAF has commissioned studies to Boeing for a possible extension of life of about 170-180 F-15C that will remain in service until at least 2030, deployed six to seven U.S. bases and used by the Air National Guard. These aircraft, renamed Golden Eagle, will be radically modernized, will Missile AIM-120D and AIM-9X and will feature the active scanning radar APG-63 (V) 3 and a new sensor infrared search and tracking (IRST) 1 . F-15E Strike Eagle
An F-15E over Iraq The F-15E Strike Eagle F-15D is a modified, established in 1986 to give the unit a multi-role capability, and attack all the time. This version takes 60% of the cell of the F-15D, and also carries tanks FAST. His plane was completely changed: AN/APG-70 radar with air-ground modes (mode synthetic aperture or SAR to generate detailed maps), aerial infrared Martin Marietta LANTIRN (AN/AAQ-13 navigation pod and AN/AAQ-14 targeting pod), cockpit equipped MFDs. It also features a new engine: two General Electric F110-GE-129 or two Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 with a thrust of 13,154 kp twice with PC . Its empty weight increased to 14 379 kg , maximum weight 36 741 kg warhead and 11 113 kg. Its range goes to 4445 km by ferry and 1270 km in combat. Finally, the F-15E is capable of carrying two nuclear bombs or Mk.51 B61 . F-15 Streak Eagle
The Streak Eagle The Streak Eagle (not to be confused with the Strike Eagle , F-15E’s nickname) is a modified F-15A 1974 – 1975 to break records for rate of climb, mostly held by the F-4 Phantom II and MiG-25 . The speed brake, flaps, radar, electronic systems and weaponry have been removed to lighten (total gain of a ton), and the plane was sanded to improve aerodynamics. The flight is made from a base of North Dakota , with nothing that a minimum of fuel. The Streak Eagle broke eight records, most of them were then improved between 1986 and 1988 by the Sukhoi P-42, version of the record Su-27 . Climb to 3000 meters in 27 seconds; Climb to 6000 m in 39 denver martial arts seconds; Climb to 9000 m in 48 seconds; Rose to 12 000 m in 59 seconds; Rose to 15 000 m in 77 seconds; Climb to 20,000 m in 123 seconds; Climb to 25,000 m in 161 seconds; Climb to 30,000 m in 208 seconds. F-15 Silent Eagle Boeing introduced in March 2009 a new version of its air superiority fighter called Silent Eagle . It is intended to bridge the gap between the F-15 and F-22. The carrying of weapons in the hold of the vertical stabilizers inclined at 15 ° to the outside and a new coating allows the aircraft to have stealth capabilities, the radar has been improved and the cell was reduced. Flight testing of the F-15SE should take place in early 2010 . Israel, Saudi Arabia 2 and payday loan Japan have already expressed interest. Commitments
An Israeli F-15I In 2011, no F-15 was lost in aerial combat against an opponent, and the best products have killed between 101 and 103 enemy aircraft. Two were shot down by Iraqi anti-aircraft fire during the Gulf War of 1991, the third one was in Iraq in 2003, several were lost accidentally operations in Afghanistan and an F-15E in Libya in 2011. The F-15 was initiated by the United States during Operation Desert Storm against the Iraq and to enforce the no-fly zone imposed after the war 3 . The F-15C Americans are credited with 36 victories without loss during the operation Desert Storm . In turn, the F-15E carried out missions to attack and one of them shot down a Mil-24 with a bomb, although the integration of the laser pod is not yet fully effective that time. The American F-15 also participated in the Kosovo War , where they shot down four MiG-29 Yugoslavia. The F-15E currently participating in the operations of the war in Afghanistan since late 2001 or one of Cell Phone Accessories them shot down an unmanned MQ-9 Reaper out of control in 2009 four of the Iraq war since 2003 and the operation to Libya in March 2011 . On 5 June 1984 , the F-15C Saudis have killed two of the F-4 Phantom II of the Iranian Air Force . During Operation Desert Storm in 1991 , an Eagle Saudi Arabia also got two victories against Mirage F1 Iraqi using AIM-9 5 . The F-15 Israeli have participated in many operations in the Lebanon (in 1979 and 1982 in particular). The Israeli Air Force claims to have won more than 56 aerial victories against aircraft Syrian with the Eagle , including several MiG-25 Foxbat . The Israeli server monitoring F-15 also participated in the Operation Opera against the plant at Osirak Iraqi territory 6 . Another commitment was not warrior but psychological, as the F-15 was used to fight various world records during the Cold War (see above). On 14 April 1994 , two F-15C of the Air Force shot down in friendly fire two UH-60 U.S. in Iraq and 22 November 1995 an F-15J of the Japan Self-Defense Forces was Relevant Life Policies destroyed by a missile AIM- 9 Sidewinder fired by another F-15 Japanese during an exercise, the pilot had been s’ eject 7 . Killer satellites
One of the most surprising roles of the F-15A was the destruction of satellites. The TAC ( Tactical Air Command ) decided to change some forty F-15A / B specially equipped to carry an ASM-135 ( ASAT anti-satellite missile) on its ventral point 8 . The USSR had the ability to detect a departure of rocket intended to kill a satellite and therefore change, if possible the position of the latter. While an F-15 with a ventral missile could pass unnoticed among other F-15. Detection can not be made after the firing of the missile leaving little reaction time. Two copies were modified. The plane had to make a launcher mounted at 65 ° at Mach 1.22 in 3.8g acceleration, the missile being fired at an altitude of 11,600 m. There were five trials in total. The third test was conducted September 13, 1985 in a real condition P78-1 satellite obsolete. That day, Major Wilbert”D”Doug Pearson became the first (and only to date) to shoot a satellite 9 , 10 . The program stopped in 1988 by decision of Congress American, who feared that the development of this weapon, not a stimulus arms race 9 . Variants
A Japanese F-15J Yokota Air Base .
A Saudi F-15C. These two versions were the first of the series F-15 and are equipped with APG-63 radar: F-15A – seater version (384 copies) F-15B – two-seat version (58 copies) Both versions have an increased fuel capacity and an improved electronic. They were subsequently remotorisées with Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220 slightly less powerful but more reliable than the F100-PW-100. F-15C – car version (408 copies) F-15D – two-seat version (97 copies) 11 The next version has the capacity to attack any time: F-15E – two-seat version (200 copies) The following versions are versions of export: F-15I – Version of F-15E designed to Israel F-15J/DJ – Versions F-15C/F-15D intended to Japan and built under license by Mitsubishi F-15K – Version of F-15E for the South Korea F-15S – F-15E version intended for the Saudi Arabia F-15SG – auto insurance quotes Version of F-15E designed to Singapore The next version has incorporated elements of stealth : F-15SE – Revision submitted on 17 March 2009 based on the F-15E called Silent Eagle . Changes such as absorbing materials the waves emitted by radar , horizontal stabilizers at 15 °, carried in the arms bunker derived fuel tanks comply detachable, its radar APG-63 (V) 3 and its system of EW BAE Systems should enable it to improve its option 12 , 13 . Experimental variants
The following variants were created for experimental purposes and have never gone beyond the prototype stage: F-15S/MTD – Revision to the short takeoff and landing F-15 with two-dimensional thrust vectoring engines and wings ducks (the elevators of F-18). F-15 ACTIVE – Version of F-15S/MTD with engines equipped with thrust vectoring three-dimensional instead of two-dimensional. IFCS F-15 – Revision of the F-15 ACTIVE including avionics has been improved. Purchasing countries
Saudi Arabia : 87 F-15C, 22 F-15D, 72 F-15S South Korea (F-15K) United States (F-15A F-15E) Israel (F-15A, F-15B F-15C, F-15E, F-15I) Japan (F-15J/DJ) Singapore (F-15SG)
